In the font settings in later Windows versions, each font is shown via a short example sentence. These sentences seem to be picked randomly from a larger pool for each language. I am not sure if these sentences are available in plaintext anywhere within the Windows system files.
Currently I am not sure how is the language chosen for each font. Chinese-language fonts use Chinese example sentences, Korean-language fonts use Korean etc., while Latin-alphabet fonts, in my Polish-language Windows version, seem to use either English or Polish sentences arbitrarily. The ordering of the sentences is the same each time you open the Font settings box, with the same fonts being assigned the same sentences; however, installing a new font does change the sample sentences for all fonts (regardless of the language of the installed font.)
These sample sentences are all short enough to fit into the font preview box (mostly; depending on the font, a sentence might not fit fully and be displayed truncated). All of them are soothing, bland and neutral.
Collected from Windows 11 (version: Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.26100.4946]) and Windows 10 (version: Version 10.0.19045.6332) - the sentence set seems to be the same (?) or at least very similar in both versions.
(English translations attached)
[Translations per Google Translate]
[Translations per Google Translate]
[Translations per Google Translate]